PM Designation
This Web site provides information about EPA's actions designating areas whose air quality does not meet the health-based standards established in 1997, 2006, and 2012 for fine particle pollution.
The Clean Air Act requires EPA to issue designations after the agency sets a new National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) or revises an existing standard. EPA formally designates areas as "nonattainment" (not meeting the standard), "unclassifiable/attainment" (meeting the standard or expected to be meeting the standard despite a lack of monitoring data), or "unclassifiable" (insufficient data to classify).
Once nonattainment designations take effect, the state and local governments must develop implementation plans outlining how areas will attain and maintain the standards by reducing air pollutant emissions contributing to fine particle concentrations.
EPA strengthened the air quality standards for particle pollution in 2006 and 2012. Learn more about the 2012 standards.
EPA will assist states and tribes throughout the initial area designations process for the 2012 annual PM2.5 NAAQS by providing technical and policy-related information relevant to making designations decisions. See Area Designations for the 2012 Annual PM2.5 Standard.
Area designations for the 2006 fine particle standard became effective in 2009 for most areas. Area designations became effective in March 2011 for deferred areas identified in the February 2011 Federal Register designations notice and in November 2012 for the two tribal areas identified in the October 2012 Federal Register designations notice. Learn more about the area designations for the 2006 daily fine particle standards.
Area designations for the 1997 fine particle standard became effective in 2005. Learn more about the area designations for the 1997 fine particle standards.
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PM standards
Particulate Matter (PM) Standards -
Table of Historical PM NAAQS
History of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter
During the Period 1971-2012
|
Final Rule |
Primary/ Secondary |
Indicator |
Averaging Time |
Level (1) |
Form |
|
1971
36 FR 8186 Apr 30, 1971 |
Primary |
TSP (2) |
24-hour |
260 µg/m3 |
Not to be exceeded more than once per year |
|
|
|
|
Annual |
75 µg/m3 |
Annual Average |
|
|
Secondary |
TSP |
24-hour |
150 µg/m3 |
Not to be exceeded more than once per year |
|
1987
52 FR 24634 Jul 1, 1987 |
Primary and Secondary |
PM10 |
24-hour |
150 µg/m3 |
Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over a 3-year period |
|
|
|
|
Annual |
50 µg/m3 |
Annual arithmetic mean, averaged over 3 years |
|
1997
62 FR 38652 Jul 18, 1997 |
Primary and Secondary |
PM2.5 |
24-hour |
65 µg/m3 |
98th percentile, averaged over 3 years |
|
|
|
|
Annual |
15.0 µg/m3 |
|
|
|
|
PM10 |
24-hour |
150 µg/m3 |
Initially promulgated 99th percentile, averaged over 3 years; when 1997 standards for PM10 were vacated, the form of 1987 standards remained in place (not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over a 3-year period) (5) |
|
|
|
|
Annual |
50 µg/m3 |
Annual arithmetic mean, averaged over 3 years |
|
2006
71 FR 61144 Oct 17, 2006 |
Primary and Secondary |
PM2.5 |
24-hour |
35 µg/m3 |
98th percentile, averaged over 3 years (6) |
|
|
|
|
Annual |
15.0 µg/m3 |
|
|
|
|
PM10 |
24-hour (8) |
150 µg/m3 |
Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over a 3-year period |
|
2012 |
Primary |
PM2.5 |
Annual |
12.0 µg/m3 |
|
|
|
Secondary |
|
Annual |
15.0 µg/m3 |
|
|
|
Primary and Secondary |
|
24-hour |
35 µg/m3 |
98th percentile, averaged over 3 years (6) |
|
|
Primary and Secondary |
PM10 |
24-hour (8) |
150 µg/m3 |
Not to be exceeded more than once per year on average over a 3-year period |
(1) Units of measure are micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m3).
(2) TSP = total suspended particles.
(3)The level of the annual standard is defined to one decimal place (i.e., 15.0 µg/m3) as determined by rounding. For example, a 3-year average annual mean of 15.04 µg/m3 would round to 15.0 µg/m3 and, thus, meet the annual standard and a 3-year average of 15.05 µg/m3 would round to 15.1 µg/m3 and, hence, violate the annual standard (40 CFR part 50 Appendix N).
(4)The level of the standard was to be compared to measurements made at sites that represent "community-wide air quality" recording the highest level, or, if specific requirements were satisfied, to average measurements from multiple community-wide air quality monitoring sites ("spatial averaging").
(5) See 69 FR 45592, July 30, 2004.
(6) The level of the 24-hour standard is defined as an integer (zero decimal places) as determined by rounding. For example, a 3-year average 98th percentile concentration of 35.49 µg/m3 would round to 35 µg/m3 and thus meet the 24-hour standard and a 3-year average of 35.50 µg/m3 would round to 36 and, hence, violate the 24-hour standard (40 CFR part 50 Appendix N).
(7) The EPA tightened the constraints on the spatial averaging criteria by further limiting the conditions under which some areas may average measurements from multiple community-oriented monitors to determine compliance (see 71 FR 61165-61167).
(8) The EPA revoked the annual PM10 NAAQS in 2006.
원본 위치 <http://www.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/pm/s_pm_history.html>
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PM standard
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
The Clean Air Act, which was last amended in 1990, requires EPA to set National Ambient Air Quality Standards (40 CFR part 50) for pollutants considered harmful to public health and the environment. The Clean Air Act identifies two types of national ambient air quality standards. Primary standards provide public health protection, including protecting the health of "sensitive" populations such as asthmatics, children, and the elderly. Secondary standards provide public welfare protection, including protection against decreased visibility and damage to animals, crops, vegetation, and buildings.
EPA has set National Ambient Air Quality Standards for six principal pollutants, which are called "criteria" pollutants. They are listed below. Units of measure for the standards are parts per million (ppm) by volume, parts per billion (ppb) by volume, and micrograms per cubic meter of air (µg/m3).
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as of October 2011 |
(1) Final rule signed October 15, 2008. The 1978 lead standard (1.5 µg/m3 as a quarterly average) remains in effect until one year after an area is designated for the 2008 standard, except that in areas designated nonattainment for the 1978, the 1978 standard remains in effect until implementation plans to attain or maintain the 2008 standard are approved.
(2) The official level of the annual NO2 standard is 0.053 ppm, equal to 53 ppb, which is shown here for the purpose of clearer comparison to the 1-hour standard.
(3) Final rule signed March 12, 2008. The 1997 ozone standard (0.08 ppm, annual fourth-highest daily maximum 8-hour concentration, averaged over 3 years) and related implementation rules remain in place. In 1997, EPA revoked the 1-hour ozone standard (0.12 ppm, not to be exceeded more than once per year) in all areas, although some areas have continued obligations under that standard ("anti-backsliding"). The 1-hour ozone standard is attained when the expected number of days per calendar year with maximum hourly average concentrations above 0.12 ppm is less than or equal to 1.
(4) Final rule signed June 2, 2010. The 1971 annual and 24-hour SO2 standards were revoked in that same rulemaking. However, these standards remain in effect until one year after an area is designated for the 2010 standard, except in areas designated nonattainment for the 1971 standards, where the 1971 standards remain in effect until implementation plans to attain or maintain the 2010 standard are approved.
See historical tables of NAAQS standards
Menu of Control Measures for NAAQS Implementation
The Menu of Control Measures (MCM) provides state, local and tribal air agencies with the existing emission reduction measures as well as relevant information concerning the efficiency and cost effectiveness of the measures. State, local and tribal agencies will be able to use this information in developing emission reduction strategies, plans and programs to assure they attain and maintain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). The MCM is a living document that can be updated with newly available or more current data as it becomes available.
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Health effects of PM
Health
The size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing health problems. Small particles less than10 micrometers in diameter pose the greatest problems, because they can get deep into your lungs, and some may even get into your bloodstream.
Exposure to such particles can affect both your lungs and your heart. Small particles of concern include "inhalable coarse particles" (such as those found near roadways and dusty industries), which are larger than 2.5 micrometers and smaller than 10 micrometers in diameter; and "fine particles" (such as those found in smoke and haze), which are 2.5 micrometers in diameter and smaller.
The Clean Air Act requires EPA to set air quality standards to protect both public health and the public welfare (e.g. visibility, crops and vegetation). Particle pollution affects both.
Health Effects
Particle pollution - especially fine particles - contains microscopic solids or liquid droplets that are so small that they can get deep into the lungs and cause serious health problems. Numerous scientific studies have linked particle pollution exposure to a variety of problems, including:
- premature death in people with heart or lung disease,
- nonfatal heart attacks,
- irregular heartbeat,
- aggravated asthma,
- decreased lung function, and
-
increased respiratory symptoms, such as irritation of the airways, coughing or difficulty breathing.
People with heart or lung diseases, children and older adults are the most likely to be affected by particle pollution exposure. However, even if you are healthy, you may experience temporary symptoms from exposure to elevated levels of particle pollution. For more information about asthma, visit www.epa.gov/asthma.
Environmental Effects
Visibility impairment
Fine particles (PM2.5) are the main cause of reduced visibility (haze) in parts of the United States, including many of our treasured national parks and wilderness areas. For more information about visibility, visit www.epa.gov/visibility.
Environmental damage
Particles can be carried over long distances by wind and then settle on ground or water. The effects of this settling include: making lakes and streams acidic; changing the nutrient balance in coastal waters and large river basins; depleting the nutrients in soil; damaging sensitive forests and farm crops; and affecting the diversity of ecosystems. More information about the effects of particle pollution and acid rain.
Aesthetic damage
Particle pollution can stain and damage stone and other materials, including culturally important objects such as statues and monuments. More information about the effects of particle pollution and acid rain.
You will need Adobe Acrobat Reader to view the Adobe PDF files on this page. See EPA's PDF page for more information about getting and using the free Acrobat Reader.
For more information on particle pollution, health and the environment, visit:
Particle Pollution and Your Health (PDF) (2pp, 320k): Learn who is at risk from exposure to particle pollution, what health effects you may experience as a result of particle exposure, and simple measures you can take to reduce your risk.
How Smoke From Fires Can Affect Your Health: It's important to limit your exposure to smoke -- especially if you may be susceptible. This publication provides steps you can take to protect your health.
Integrated Science Assessment for Particulate Matter (December 2009): This comprehensive assessment of scientific data about the health and environmental effects of particulate matter is an important part of EPA's review of its particle pollution standards.
원본 위치 <http://www.epa.gov/air/particlepollution/health.html>
Basic information of PM
Basic Information
Particle pollution (also called particulate matter or PM) is the term for a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. Some particles, such as dust, dirt, soot, or smoke, are large or dark enough to be seen with the naked eye. Others are so small they can only be detected using an electron microscope.
How Big is Particle Pollution?
See a larger version of the image here
Particle pollution includes "inhalable coarse particles," with diameters larger than 2.5 micrometers and smaller than 10 micrometers and "fine particles," with diameters that are 2.5 micrometers and smaller. How small is 2.5 micrometers? Think about a single hair from your head. The average human hair is about 70 micrometers in diameter – making it 30 times larger than the largest fine particle.
These particles come in many sizes and shapes and can be made up of hundreds of different chemicals. Some particles, known as primary particles are emitted directly from a source, such as construction sites, unpaved roads, fields, smokestacks or fires. Others form in complicated reactions in the atmosphere of chemicals such as sulfur dioxides and nitrogen oxides that are emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles. These particles, known as secondary particles, make up most of the fine particle pollution in the country.
EPA regulates inhalable particles (fine and coarse). Particles larger than 10 micrometers (sand and large dust) are not regulated by EPA. More about EPA PM Standards and Regulatory Actions.
- Health: Particle pollution contains microscopic solids or liquid droplets that are so small that they can get deep into the lungs and cause serious health problems. The size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing health problems. Small particles less than 10 micrometers in diameter pose the greatest problems, because they can get deep into your lungs, and some may even get into your bloodstream. More information about health.
- Visibility: Fine particles (PM2.5) are the main cause of reduced visibility (haze) in parts of the United States, including many of our treasured national parks and wilderness areas. More information about visibility.
-
Reducing particle pollution: EPA's national and regional rules to reduce emissions of pollutants that form particle pollution will help state and local governments meet the Agency's national air quality standards. More information about reducing particle pollution.
See the Fast Facts page for a quick summary of particle pollution basics.
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PM
"Particulate matter," also known as particle pollution or PM, is a complex mixture of extremely small particles and liquid droplets. Particle pollution is made up of a number of components, including acids (such as nitrates and sulfates), organic chemicals, metals, and soil or dust particles.
The size of particles is directly linked to their potential for causing health problems. EPA is concerned about particles that are 10 micrometers in diameter or smaller because those are the particles that generally pass through the throat and nose and enter the lungs. Once inhaled, these particles can affect the heart and lungs and cause serious health effects. EPA groups particle pollution into two categories:
- "Inhalable coarse particles," such as those found near roadways and dusty industries, are larger than 2.5 micrometers and smaller than 10 micrometers in diameter.
-
"Fine particles," such as those found in smoke and haze, are 2.5 micrometers in diameter and smaller. These particles can be directly emitted from sources such as forest fires, or they can form when gases emitted from power plants, industries and automobiles react in the air.
Basic Information - Basics about particle pollution.
Health - Effects of particle pollution.
PM Standards - Links to technical information related to setting the national air quality standards for particle pollution.
PM Designations - Regional, state and local information related to PM nonattainment.
PM Implementation - Programs and requirements for reducing particle pollution.
Regulatory Actions - Links to proposed and final rules, fact sheets, and other rulemaking documents.
Nonattainment Areas - Status of nonattainment areas (the Green Book)
PM Research - Links to PM research and development, monitoring, and daily reporting and forecasting.
Agriculture - Fact Sheet - Coarse PM (PM10) standards and agriculture.
Air Quality Trends - Progress made in reducing particle pollution.
Air Emission Sources - Summarizes particulate matter emissions by source at national, state and local levels.
Residential Wood Smoke - Burn Wise is a partnership program that emphasizes the importance of burning the right wood, the right way, in the right wood-burning appliance to protect your home, health, and the air we breathe.
Related Links - Other information related to particle pollution.
State Implementation Plan Status and Information - identifies how states and EPA work together to ensure that the agency's National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) are met and maintained.
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VOC
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증기압이 높아 대기중으로 쉽게 증발되어 질소산화물(Nox)과 공존시 태양광의 작용에 의하여 광화 학반응을 일으켜 오존 및 PAN(Peroxyacyl Nitrate)등 2차오염물질을 생성시킴으로써 광화학 스모 그 현상을 일으키는 물질을 휘발성유기화합물질(Volatile Organic Compounds, VOCs)이라고 한다. | ||
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휘발성유기화합물의 특성 및 영향
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